from cellular automata, 1968.

neumann’s rules:

  1. An infinite plane is divided up into squares.
  2. Each square contains a copy of the same finite automaton (the square together with this automaton is called a cell).
  3. Associated with each cell is its neighborhood, consisting of itself together with its four immediate, nondiagonal neighbors.
  4. The state of a cell at time t + 1 is uniquely determined by its neighborhood state at time /, together with the transition function / of the finite automaton which is associated with every cell.
  5. The finite automaton associated with each cell possesses a distinguished state v0 called the quiescent state, such that f(v09 v0,…9 v0) = v0.
  6. At each time step all but a finite number of cells are in the quiescent state.
  7. The number of distinct states for the finite automaton associated with each cell is 29.
  8. A particular transition function / is specified and shown to yield certain computation and construction properties discussed below.